Difference between Groovy and Java

Groovy is powerful, optionally typed and dynamic language to develop an application on Java Platform where its syntax is Java-like. Its typing discipline is strong, static, and dynamic. The best things about Groovy are that since it extends JDK, it accepts Java code. Groovy can be used as both programming and scripting Language. Groovy is a superset of Java which means Java program will run in Groovy environment but vice-versa may or may not be possible. Whereas Java is strongly and statically typed programming language. 

1. Default Imports:

• In Groovy some general purpose packages and classes are imported by default: 
  • java.io.*
  • java.lang.*
  • java.math.BigDecimal
  • java.math.BigInteger
  • java.net.*
  • java.util.*
  • groovy.lang.*
  • groovy.util.*
• Where in Java only java.lang.* package imported by default.

2. Extra Keywords:

• as, define, trait these are extra keywords in Groovy.
• You can not use this keywords as variable name.

3. Default access modifier:

• In Java default access modifier is package i.e. if you don’t specify access modifier for fields,methods or class it becomes package-private.
• In Groovy it’s by default public.

4. Getters and Setters:

• In Java, you need to provide getters and setters method for fields, especially if you are following Java Beans naming convention and use tools and libraries, which uses Reflection to dynamically access and mutate bean properties.
• In Groovy, getters and setters are automatically generated for class members.

5. The dot separator:

• In Java, we use the dot operator (.) to access the property of the class
• Groovy also supports dot operator but unlike Java calls actually go through getters and setters, which is automatically generated in Groovy

6. In Groovy semicolons(;) are optional, use them only if you like or if you want to write more than one statement in one line.

7. For loop:

• As in most of the tasks we use a for loop, in Groovy declaring for loop is much easier, we can declare a for a loop as 

for(j in 0..4){ print j } 
0.upto(3) { print "$it" } 
4.times{ print "$it" }    

• wherein Java

 for(int i=0;i<=5;i++){
  System.out.println(i);
 }

8. Safe Navigation Operator:

• In Java we have to perform some operation to check the null object, to avoid null pointer exception. 

String str = null;
if(str != null){
    System.out.println(str.reverse());
}

• But in Groovy we can do as below directly 

println  str.reverse()

9. The main() method:

• In Java, you need the main method to make a class executable
• In Groovy you don’t need that. Since Groovy is a Scripting language, there’s automatically a wrapping class called Script for every program.
• 10. Boolean Evaluation:
  Groovy automatically evaluates the expression as boolean. 

def str = “test”
if(str){ println str }

11. Array Declaration:

• If you want to create String Array in Java then you have to use curly braces “{}”. 
  In Java: 

String[] testArray = {"A", "B", "C"};

• Whereas in Groovy we can use square brackets. “[]”. 
  In Groovy: 

String[] testArray = ["A", "B", "C"]

Summarise difference between Java and Groovy

Java	Groovy
It is developed on JDK and is run on JVM	It is compiled to JVM Byte code and It is compatible with Java platform
It is used as programming and object oriented Language	It is used as both programming and scripting Language
In Java default access modifier package	In Groovy default access modifier public
In Java, you need to provide getters and setters method for fields, especially if you are following Java Beans naming convention	In Groovy, getters and setters are automatically generated for class members
In Java semicolons are compulsory	In Groovy semicolons are optional
In Java only Java.lang.* package is imported by default	In Groovy commonly used packages are imported by default
Java has primitive data types and wrapper classes to perform boxing and unboxing implicitly or explicitly	In Groovy everything is object and uses only object hence no concept of autoboxing or unboxing
Java has a requirement of the main method inside a class to run the program	Groovy does not require any main method or entry point of a method to run the class or any program